Musculoskeletal

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

Disc degeneration in the spine causing pain, nerve damage, and potential paralysis.

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Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) guides

IVDD in Dogs: What It Is and Why Discs Go Wrong

IVDD, intervertebral disc disease, is a common spinal condition in dogs, and the letters alone can be unsettling when a vet first mentions them, especially since a quick search online tends to throw up the frightening end of the spectrum first. So let this be the calm starting point. It comes in several forms ranging...

Claire Greenway9 min read

IVDD in Dachshunds: Why Your Breed Is at Risk (and What the Genetics Really Say)

"Dachshunds get back problems." Every dachshund owner has heard it, usually delivered with a knowing nod and a remark about their long backs. The real story is more interesting than the folklore, more reassuring, and genuinely more useful for protecting your dog. Intervertebral disc disease is indeed common in dachshunds, but it is not inevitable....

Claire Greenway10 min read

Is This an IVDD Emergency? The Red Flags That Mean Act Now

A dog that has suddenly gone wobbly, started dragging a back leg, or cried out in pain needs an answer fast, not a biology lesson. So here it is, straight away.

Dr. Alastair Greenway8 min read

The First Few Hours: A Calm, Step-by-Step Action Plan

When a dog suddenly goes weak or off its legs, the last thing that helps is an essay. What helps is knowing exactly what to do, in order, calmly. So here it is, step by step. Work through it one step at a time; you can read the detail later. The most important thing has...

Claire Greenway5 min read

Neck vs Back IVDD: How Cervical and Thoracolumbar Disc Disease Differ

Picture intervertebral disc disease and most people picture a dog dragging its back legs. That image is real, but it's only half the story. IVDD is not one disease that always happens in one place. A disc can herniate anywhere along the spine, and where it happens, in the neck or in the back, genuinely...

Dr. Alastair Greenway5 min read

The Early Warning Signs: Spotting a Disc Problem Before It's a Crisis

Most owners meet intervertebral disc disease as a sudden catastrophe: a dog that was fine in the morning is dragging its back legs by lunchtime. But it doesn't always arrive without warning. Quite often there's a quieter phase first, a few days of a dog being subtly "off", in pain or stiff but still walking,...

Claire Greenway7 min read

IVDD in French Bulldogs & Other At-Risk Breeds

Say "dog with a bad back" and most people picture a dachshund, and they're not wrong to. But dachshunds are far from the only breed at raised risk of intervertebral disc disease, and one breed in particular has come up fast on the inside: the French bulldog, whose soaring popularity means more affected dogs every...

Claire Greenway8 min read

IVDD Surgery vs Conservative Treatment: How to Decide

Surgery, or strict rest? For most owners facing intervertebral disc disease, this is the hardest call they will have to make, and it usually arrives tangled up with fear, cost, and very little time to think. Let me say something reassuring at the outset, because the way this decision is often framed is unfair to...

Dr. Alastair Greenway14 min read

IVDD Grades 1 to 5: What Your Dog's Grade Actually Means

The grade is the single most important number in this whole condition, and your vet or a neurologist has just handed you one. If "grade 5" was the word in the room, that lands hard, because it sounds like the worst end of a scale. What you actually want to know is plainer than that:...

Dr. Alastair Greenway13 min read

Seeing a Neurologist: Referral, MRI and What to Expect

A referral to a specialist neurologist can land like a sudden escalation, and it usually arrives with a flurry of questions. What does referral actually mean? What happens on the day? What will it cost? And does agreeing to see a specialist commit you to surgery? This guide answers all of that, walking through the...

Dr. Alastair Greenway6 min read

What IVDD Surgery Actually Involves

Once surgery is on the table for a dog's disc problem, the questions tend to come in a rush. What actually happens in theatre? How long does the hospital stay last, how well does it work, and what could go wrong? The unfamiliar is what makes the decision feel so heavy, so this guide walks...

Dr. Alastair Greenway7 min read

The Medications Used in IVDD (and the Steroid Question)

When a dog is treated for IVDD, especially without surgery, medication does a lot of the quiet work alongside the rest. Good pain relief is not a luxury here; it keeps your dog comfortable, helps them stay still enough to heal, and makes the long weeks of recovery bearable for you both. This guide explains...

Dr. Alastair Greenway8 min read

Deep Pain Sensation: The Single Most Important Test

When a dog can't walk after a spinal injury, one piece of information matters more than almost any other for what happens next and for the odds of recovery: whether the dog still has what vets call deep pain sensation. It's the single most important test in the whole situation, the line that separates a...

Dr. Alastair Greenway8 min read

What IVDD Treatment Costs in the UK

MRI, surgery, weeks of medication, hydrotherapy: intervertebral disc disease can be one of the most expensive things that ever happens to a dog. Far too often, owners only discover the figures at the worst possible moment, mid-crisis, in a referral waiting room, trying to make a huge decision with no sense of the numbers. That...

Claire Greenway10 min read

Slings, Harnesses and Safe Lifting

A dog that cannot walk, or is weak and unsteady on its feet, needs lifting, supporting and moving many times a day, for toilet breaks, position changes and simply getting about. How you do that genuinely matters. Done carelessly, lifting can twist a recovering spine and undo healing, and it can wreck your own back...

Claire Greenway7 min read

"Is This Normal?" Red Flags to Watch For During Recovery

Recovery from a disc problem turns most owners into close observers of every twitch, every off day, every change. Is that stiffness this morning a setback or just a normal bump? Is the wobble as function returns a good sign or a worrying one? That worry is completely understandable, and this guide is here to...

Dr. Alastair Greenway6 min read

Keeping a Confined Dog Calm and Content

Weeks of strict crate rest are hard on a dog, and hard on you. Once the initial crisis has passed and your dog starts to feel a bit better, a new challenge appears: a bored, frustrated, sometimes whining dog who wants to move and cannot, and an owner worn down by the constant vigilance and...

Claire Greenway7 min read

Nursing a Down Dog at Home: The Complete Guide

A dog that cannot walk, whether home after spinal surgery or to be nursed through conservative recovery, suddenly needs help with the most basic things: weeing, staying clean, changing position. That is a daunting amount to take on, and a daunting amount to learn at once. This guide is meant to be the calm, complete...

Claire Greenway8 min read

Preventing Pressure Sores & Urine Scald

A dog that cannot move freely, whether through strict crate rest, recovery from spinal surgery, or longer-term hind-limb disability, faces a quiet problem on the skin that is entirely preventable. Lie in one position for too long, or lie in dampness, and the skin can develop pressure sores and urine scald. Both are painful, both...

Dr. Alastair Greenway10 min read

How to Express Your Dog's Bladder, Step by Step

When a dog has lost the ability to wee on its own, perhaps after a spinal injury or during IVDD recovery, helping to empty its bladder by hand, what vets call expressing the bladder, becomes one of the most important parts of its daily care. I know this sounds daunting. Pressing on your dog's belly...

Claire Greenway10 min read

Strict Crate Rest for IVDD, Done Properly (and How to Survive It)

Weeks of strict rest is the centrepiece of conservative treatment for intervertebral disc disease, and it is quite possibly the most daunting thing your vet has ever asked of you. Keeping a dog still for weeks, when every instinct of theirs and yours rebels against it, is genuinely tough. But the encouraging truth is simple:...

Claire Greenway13 min read

Re-teaching Your Dog to Walk

Few moments in a spinal recovery move owners the way the first wobbly, lurching step does after weeks of a dog not walking. Your dog may be beginning to recover genuine movement, or it may be working, in a different way, towards the reflex-driven gait some paralysed dogs develop. Either way, supporting those first steps...

Claire Greenway6 min read

Acupuncture and Laser for IVDD: What the Evidence Actually Says

Once a dog is recovering from a disc problem, the suggestions start to arrive. Someone mentions acupuncture; an article turns up about laser therapy; and the question you actually want answered is simple. Do these things work? It is a fair question, and it tends to draw out two unhelpful answers. The enthusiast promises miracles,...

Dr. Alastair Greenway5 min read

Home Physiotherapy: Safe Exercises by Recovery Phase

There is a great deal you can safely do at home to help a dog recover from a spinal injury, and most of it takes the form of gentle, guided physiotherapy that supports recovery and keeps the body in good condition. The crucial words are "safely" and "guided", because the wrong exercise at the wrong...

Claire Greenway7 min read

Hydrotherapy for IVDD: Does It Help, and When to Start?

Hydrotherapy comes up a lot when a dog is recovering from a spinal injury, and you can see why. The idea of a dog that can barely walk on land moving freely in water is an appealing one, and it is genuinely a useful rehabilitation tool. Owners tend to arrive with two questions, and both...

Claire Greenway6 min read

Rehabilitation After IVDD: The Roadmap

Once a dog has come through the frightening acute phase, the surgery or the first weeks of strict rest, the natural next question arrives: what now? How does a dog that cannot walk, or can barely walk, actually get back to moving? The answer is rehabilitation, and it is the part of the journey that...

Dr. Alastair Greenway7 min read

The Permanently Affected Dog: A Genuinely Good Life Is Still Possible

Once it becomes clear that your dog's disability is permanent, that the paralysis, the incontinence, the loss of normal mobility are not going to fully resolve, a hard and quiet question often surfaces: is it fair to carry on? Are you keeping your dog going for its sake or for your own? It is one...

Dr. Alastair Greenway7 min read

Adapting Your Home for a Mobility-Impaired Dog

A dog left with lasting mobility problems, whether using a wheelchair, dragging the back legs, or simply weak and wobbly, suddenly finds the home it knows full of small obstacles: the slippery kitchen floor, the step up to the garden, the sofa it used to leap onto. Here is the encouraging news. Adapting your home...

Claire Greenway9 min read

Managing Long-Term Incontinence with Dignity

Lasting bladder or bowel problems after a spinal injury are, for a lot of owners, the part of the road ahead that feels most daunting, practically and emotionally. The worry tends to take one of two shapes: that it means an undignified life for the dog, or that you simply will not be able to...

Dr. Alastair Greenway9 min read

Life on Wheels: Choosing and Using a Dog Wheelchair

A dog that cannot use its back legs can still live a happy, active, genuinely full life. That is the most important thing in this whole article, and it sits right at the top because it changes everything that follows. When a dog loses the use of its hind legs, a particular fear tends to...

Dr. Alastair Greenway10 min read

Quality of Life, and Saying Goodbye

Loving a dog through a serious illness includes, in the end, watching their quality of life clearly, and sometimes facing the hardest decision an owner ever makes. This is a gentle guide to that part of the journey: how to think clearly about your dog's quality of life, how to recognise when the balance has...

Claire Greenway7 min read

When Surgery Isn't the Right Choice

For some dogs with a serious disc injury, surgery is not the right answer. That sentence is hard to read if you are facing it, because so much of what is written about IVDD treats surgery as the thing a good owner does, and anything else as giving up. That framing is unkind and untrue,...

Dr. Alastair Greenway7 min read

Protecting an At-Risk Dog: Weight, Ramps, Harness, and the Evidence

Dachshunds, French bulldogs and a handful of other breeds carry a built-in tendency to disc problems, and if yours has not had an episode yet, the natural wish is to keep it that way. Trouble is, much of the prevention advice floating around mixes genuinely useful guidance with well-meaning dogma. The "never let a dachshund...

Claire Greenway7 min read

Will It Happen Again? Reducing the Risk of Recurrence

After one IVDD episode, with all the fear and effort it involved, one question tends to loom over the whole recovery: will it happen again? It is a natural worry, and you deserve a straight answer rather than false comfort. So here it is, with the real figures and, just as importantly, what genuinely lowers...

Dr. Alastair Greenway6 min read

Breeding & the Genetics of IVDD

Nearly everything written about IVDD deals with coping once it has already happened: the emergency, the surgery decision, the weeks of crate rest. This article turns and faces the other direction, toward prevention at its deepest level, which is breeding. Because IVDD in the at-risk breeds is so strongly genetic, the breeding choices made today...

Claire Greenway8 min read

From the Arthritis Library

See all →

Spondylosis in Dogs: What That X-Ray Finding Actually Means

Spondylosis usually turns up by accident, on an X-ray taken for something else entirely, and the word alone is enough to set a frightening picture going: a dog's spine slowly fusing into a solid rod. The internet, when you look, rarely helps. So here is the reassuring headline straight away, and the rest of this...

Claire Greenway12 min read

Cruciate Ligament Disease: Understanding the Most Common Reason Dogs Need Knee Surgery

A dog diagnosed with cranial cruciate ligament disease is in very common company. It's the single most common orthopaedic problem in dogs and the most frequent reason a dog ends up needing knee surgery. It's also one of the biggest causes of hind-limb arthritis, which is why it earns a detailed article in this space.

Dr. Alastair Greenway11 min read

How Arthritis Is Diagnosed: Understanding the Vet Visit

Most owners notice the same odd thing. The dog who was stiff, slow and reluctant at home walks into the consulting room and turns into a bright-eyed, bouncy version of themselves on the floor. Adrenaline and unfamiliar surroundings mask a remarkable amount of discomfort, so by the time the vet is examining them, your dog...

Claire Greenway18 min read

How to Spot Arthritis in Your Dog: The Signs Most Owners Miss

Ask most people what arthritis looks like in a dog and they'll describe a limping older Labrador struggling up the stairs. That picture is right, but only partly. By the time a dog is obviously limping, the disease has usually been progressing quietly for months or years. The signs you were meant to catch came...

Dr. Alastair Greenway16 min read

Arthritis in Dogs: Everything You Need to Know

Most owners arrive here for one of two reasons: a dog who's just been diagnosed with arthritis, or a nagging sense that something isn't quite right and a wish to work out what's going on. Either way, you've come to the right place.

Dr. Alastair Greenway13 min read

Arthritis in Cats: The Invisible Epidemic

There's a very good chance your cat has arthritis, particularly if they're getting on in years. And the odds are that nobody has told you.

Claire Greenway16 min read

Breeds prone to Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is seen more often in some breeds than others. If you have one of these, its breed guide covers what to watch for and where to get help.

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